نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1392)

Islamic civilization benefited from other civilizations, through translating the works of prior civilizations (Greek) and subsequent civilization (Islamic). Iranian like other nations played an important role, while their efforts in the second to forth centuries are not analyzed and explained properly. Therefore, the question raised here is: What was Iranian's role in translation of scientific works of other nations to Arabic? Having the supports of Abbasid Caliphs in one hand, and having influential Iranian families interested in knowledge, Iranian were able to play an imminent and pioneer role in translating non-Arabic works to Arabic (hypothesis). Demonstrating the crucial position of Iranians in knowledge translation is the goal of the resent paper. Through applying descriptive – analytical methodology and based on first hand historical sources we will make a comparison between the role of Iranian translators and other translators in the movement of translation. Iranian share in the movement of translation is undeniable, which is indebted to the background, interests, dedicating time and money of Iranian rather than the supports of Abbasids (finding).

Muslims in early period of Islam after conquering territories like Al-Sham, agreed on many peace treaties. These treaties have yet concealed the political, cultural, ideological, economic and ethical realities of both parties, which were rarely analyzed independently in terms of their contents. Therefore, the question of the present paper is: What are the contents and subjects of the treaties between Muslims and people of Al-Sham? Depending on their time and place, the treaties had common and also different economic, social and religious contents (hypothesis). In order to defend the Islam [Islamic values], it's necessary to mention the expansion of Islam took place by peace rather than by war (goal). A historical, analytical and descriptive study of the first hand sources of history would help us to achieve the goal of the present paper (Methodology). The findings are: A) Peace treaties were regarding religious tolerance and laxity toward non-Muslim people and B) providing individual and social security of both parties, safety for churches, freedom of religions, coexistence of both parties, forcing non-Muslims to leave the town (in some cases), cooperation and spying for Muslims in return for not paying Jizyah (tax) and providing safety for the new ruler.

The early bases of the emergence of western colonization were formed after the Renaissance. It became stronger and more durable in Islamic territories, in following centuries. However, all the aspects of this ill-fated phenomenon are not revealed yet, surely due to intellectual domination of colonization, in which tendencies toward doing researches on this subject were not strong enough. Therefore, the question of the present paper is: What are the durable reflections of western colonization on political and cultural domains of Muslim countries? Also the hypothesis of paper is: Colonization has played – and still is playing – an important role in underdevelopment of Islamic World, while we should not forget the domestic factors which sometimes prepared the basis for the domination of colonization. Although emphasizing the deeper influence of colonization in comparison with historical documents is provable (Hypothesis). Recognition of the reflections of colonization would lead to broader attitude and action in cultural and political realm. By analyzing their own accomplishment, today Islamic world should break through the western domination to attain their true position (goal). By applying a historical – analytical description the present paper is trying to reach the answer of the raised question and examine the hypothesis (methodology). Achieving a direct relation between decrease in social presence of religion and underdevelopment of Islamic World contrary to Western world, would be an achievement which can provide a new attitude for Muslim leaders to save Islamic World from the reflections of colonization.

Following the World War I, the land that is today called Iraq, separated from the Ottoman Empire and placed under the British mandate. During the invasion of Iraq, the country's Shiite-led Clerics and Shia clergymen- who were mostly Iranian, did a massive effort to bring independence and exit occupiers out of country. The first decades of the twentieth century in Iraq has a close relationship with campaigns occurred by Iranian Clerics living in Holy Shrines led to independence from Great Britain. The expanded role of Iranian Clerics living in holy shrines in contrast of Great British projects caused this country and its colonial governments in Iraq thought of contrast with influencing Iranian Clerics living in Holy Shrines. During the reign of King Faisal, the part of this idea was established with the exile of a group of Iranian scholars and Clerics from Iraq. The main question of the present paper is how and why the Iranian Clerics to be dismissed from Iraq. Thus the main hypothesis of this paper is that the disagreement of Iranian scholars and Clerics with the colonial goals and British action in Iraq indeed led to their exile from Holy Shrines. Therefore, this study attempts to use content analysis method not only to investigate the contact way of the rule of the king Feisal with Iranian Clerics but also to survey why they were dismissed from Holy Shrines.

Disputes among people have always considered a problematic subject among managers. Economy always is one of the most important reasons which causes disputes in society; the society in time of Prophet Muhammad was not an exception. As the first ruler of Islamic society, Prophet Muhammad took this issue into consideration. However this subject was not discussed seriously in scientific researchers. Therefore, the question is: What was the role of economy in making disputes in Medina; and how did Prophet Muhammad dealt with this issue? At the beginning of the establishment of Islamic ruling system many disputes raised due to economic issues, Prophet Muhammad relying on Allah and having recognition of society tried to prevent the disputes on economic issues and he resolved the existing disputes by guiding people and giving necessary pieces of advice (hypothesis). By highlighting the dispute resolution strategies of Prophet Muhammad in economic disagreements, applying them in current Muslim societies, in which people are excessively involved in economy, is certainly essential (goal). The present paper through collecting historical information related to the subject and analyzing them is trying to find the answer of the question (methodology). The basic role of economy in Islamic ruling system and the potentiality of economy in generalizing economic disputes to social realms are the findings of the paper.

Shia scholars and clergymen played a role in cultural, religious and political changes in Afghanistan. They played an awakening role before and after the invasion of Russians to Afghanistan. However their role and position were never analyzed properly, so no research has been done on this subject. Thus the question is: What is the origin of flourishing and dynamism of the Islamic awakening in Afghanistan by Shia scholars and clergymen? Education and prolonged relations between Shia scholars and clergymen with Najaf and Qom alongside the existence of autocracy and colonization in Afghanistan made them the awakeners of this country (hypothesis). On one hand the present paper is trying to present a clear image of the influence of the Hawza of Najaf and Qom, and on the other hand, the relations between Shia scholars and clergymen of Afghanistan with political awakening (goals). The present paper through a historical – analytical study, library sources and field study would reach the answer of the question (methodology).Religious centers in Najaf played an important role in political awakening in demanding political rights of Shia Muslims, starting political awakening, participation of clergymen in political actions and attempts to unite Shia Muslims politically. Also religious centers of Qom were influential in defending political rights of Shia Muslims, expanding of political and revolutionary Islam, having a pivotal role of Ruhniyat in political behavior, having maximum political involvement of Shia Muslims, and forming political parties and organizations (findings).